Wednesday, May 29, 2013

human Variation and Race


1) Cold
Cold can easily effects humans homeostasis. Cold rapidly take the body temperature (heat) away. Cold temperature can severely effects blood circulation which it causes the low body temperature, in worst case, it causes necrosis. If the environmental stress continues, It needs a lot of energy to keep their body shaking to create heat. 

2) 
Short-term adaptation: When organisms are in this cold environmental stress, homeostasis makes orgasms to shake their body to create heat, and keep the body temperature stable.


facultative adaptation: Muscles and Blood vessel contract immediately when the temperature is low. This is to avoid unharnessing the body heat. Muscles contract to make areas of body surface to touch the cold smaller.



Developmental adaptation: Organisms' body store more fat to keep the body temperature in the cold environment. In cold temperature, organisms' muscles shakes itself to create more heat which means it is burning energy to create heat. However, when the the stress becomes long-term, it changes DNA to more fit the new environment. To keep body temperature without creating heat by burning energy, bogy starts store more fat to keep the heat inside of the body.


Cultural adaptation: There are many ways to protect themselves from cold environment. Humans more wear clothes to keep themselves warm, and eat hot food to help keeping their body temperature higher. Making fire, using heater is also cultural adaptation to cold environment.


3)Human variation provides beneficial information to adjust their environment. Which gives us opportunities to understand ways to survive in different climate. It is impossible to have same abilities to another human's abilities which developed by long period of time, however, their ability to adjust their environment gives another inspiration and tips to survive in the environment.


4) The study of environmental influences on adaptations is better to understand human valuation than by the use of race because human variation by environmental influence is certain and cannot occur in different environment. On the other hand, race is a group of people who gathered and evolved together in the same environment, they share same abilities and features biologically and culturally, but it does not mean that they are the only people who can survive in the environment, and also they have possibilities to evolve differently in different environment. 

Wednesday, May 22, 2013

Language Blog


Part 1:

1)Did you find this experiment difficult or easy? Explain.

I felt it was difficult at the beginning of the conversation. However, it became ok without verbal communication after few mins because my conversation partner and I actually have experienced this experiment before.
My conversation partner is American and I am Japanese. We did not know each other's language when we first met in Japan 7 years ago. 


2)What were the impressions of partners in the conversation? Did they alter their way of communicating with you because of your absence of symbolic communication? Describe.

My conversation partner have experience with me only communicating by body language, and he is also used to know my physical expressions. I did not use a variety of body moving to describe things, but he was able to understand me and we kept conversation as well as when we use verbal communication.   


3)Imagine that you and your partners in the conversation represent two different cultures meeting for the first time. Which culture has the advantage in communicating complex ideas? What attitudes might the speaking culture have toward the culture that does not use symbolic language?
Identify individuals in our culture that have difficulty communicating with spoken language and explore how that suggests how these who do speak interact with those individuals.

I think verbal communication is based on common sense, culture and custom. If the culture was different, it is hard to describe complex idea without verbal communication.

When my conversation partner and I met 7 years ago, we didn't understand each other's language. We used body language and gesture to have conversation, and slowly developed "our own language" which we call Japanglish (Japanese + English). 

Our Japanglish does not have much vocabulary but one word can cover pretty wide range of similar words in the other language. So it allows us to communicate with minimum vocabulary which covers only our needs. However, this language is based on our long time experience of communication and our mixed language culture and others cannot understand it even though it is developed language in English and Japanese.

Japanglish is general term of combined English and Japanese language which is used among English speaker and Japanese speaker couples. Though, all different couples uses different Japanglish. It is kind of isolated language between only two people. 
when if there are 2 couples who all speaks Japanglish, they would not understand each other because the coverage of each couple's Japanglish would be so different.

Verbal communication is developed on culture and custom, and is used in people who shares common sense. Most important thing of communicating complex ideas is not spoken language, I think it is sharing common sense. If there were 2 cultures which are spoken language culture and non-spoken language culture, and if they met an had a conversation, there would not be advantage and they will create 3rd language beyond their language, or they will search for the common ground. 

One of my friends is a deaf. 
Some of my friends talk to her with sign language. I cannot do sign language, so she read my lips to understand me. What I do when I talk to her is exaggerating my body expression.


Part2:

1)Were you able to last for the full 15 minutes of using only speech for communicating? What made this experiment difficult for you?

I felt this is much easier than part1 at the beginning. I didn't use my body movement or gesture to explain things. Though, my conversation partner pointed out that my face express a lot in the conversation. I think body language is hard to control and it is connected to emotions and feelings more directly than verbal expression.


2)How were your partners in this part of the experiment affected by your communication limitations? Explain.

I think my conversation partner's talking was more distant than when we experiment part one. I did not use vocal intonation which is very normal in Japanese speaking. Japanese doesn't use vocal intonation as much as English. Because I am not used to use verbal intonation, I use more facial expression. However, I was not allowed to use facial expression in this experiment, it made my conversation partner much more difficult to understand me speaking.


3) What does this experiment say about our use of "signs" in our language, i.e., how important is non-speech language techniques in our ability to communicate effectively?

As I mentioned in part 2.1, I felt body language express our emotion and feelings more that verbal communication. Non-speech language techniques are not good to describe things, but good way to show our emotions. The conversation without body movement felt really distant and it did not seem interactive.
While I was speaks only with body language, my conversation partner paid extra attention to understand me, and I saw him making effort to understand what I tried to tell him.
My overall impression of non-speech language is that it can make better connection between people. 


4) Are there people who have difficulty reading body language? Describe the adaptive benefit to possessing the ability to read body language. Can you describe environmental conditions where there might be a benefit to nor reading body language?

Blind people cannot read body language. 
the benefit of reading body language is that it is almost universal. Body language cannot explain complex ideas as well as spoken language. However, the expression of body language are simple and clear, and it can explain explain basic motion of thing in our life. Because body language is developed on our shared common sense.
I cannot imagine there is any natural case when it is better for evolution not to read body language. Reading body language helps understanding different individuals, and meek them closer. Sometimes creates sympathy, so might be good not to have a skill to read body language when if you need to be cold-blood or not willing to understand others.

Tuesday, May 7, 2013

Piltdown Hoax


1.Hoax is a fossil of early human found at Piltdown, East Sussex, England 1912, collected by Charles Dawson. Dawson sent a letter to Arthur Smith Woodward at the Natural History Museum to let him know that Dawson had found a piece of thick human-like skull in Pleistocene gravel deeds at Piltdown in Sussex. Dawson and Smith worked together for this exciting founding. They finally found more skull fragments, a jawbone with 2 teeth, and a variety of animal fossils and primitive stone tools. These findings are considered as further evidence of that Piltdown man is the ancestor of modern human.*1
Scientists believed that the deference between ape and early human is brain size which indicates a level of intelligence because They had believed that human evolution deign with the brain. Piltdown man had a larger rounded brain skull comparing to apes, it was looked as the evidence of larger brain and intelligence. The skull also had human-looking teeth. However, the skull still appears strong ape like jawbone. These looked like a transition between ape and early human, finally Dawson and Woodward decided that Piltdown Man is the "missing link" between apes an humans.*1

2. Most of scientists at that period believed that the large modern brain, and there was  prejudice of English scientists. England was the most powerful country in the world at that time, however, none of early human fossils were found in English soil. Piltdown man was a satisfaction of English scientists who wanted English man being the earnest human.*2
Another fact for that many scientists believed the Piltdown man is the "missing link" between apes and humans is general scientific bias. Scientists at the time had believed that human evolution started with brain, having larger brain should have been one of significant evidence of early human. Piltdown man had very large brain skull and still had ape-looking strong jaw too. This satisfied the common belief of the evolution between apes and humans. *1

3. There were only few ancient human fossils had been discovered at the time of finding of Piltdown Man, thus there was not enough data to reveal if Piltdown man is the true "missing link" or not. However, in the 40 years since the discovery of Pitdown man, many more ancient human skulls were discovered in Africa, China and Indonesia, also Asia and Europe. It brought enough data to point out the conflict of Piltdown Man.*3
Kenneth Oakley used a series of fluorine tests which uses fluorine to accumulate in calcium-containing organic matter such as bones and teeth to determine the age of skull, and figured out that Piltdown man is probably less than 50,000 years old which proved that it is not nearly enough to be a species with ape-like features. The results of scientific tests proved that the skull is made of bones of two different species, and it is artificially stained to look similar to the gravel at the work site.*3

4. I think it might be impossible to remove the "human" factor such as prejudice and bias from science to reduce the chance of errors and mistakes, and it might help the progress of science. For the case of Piltdown Man, the skull was intentionally made by human, and it is not a mistake or a result of experiment, so I think this is not a error, and not OK. However, it had become one prompt in the history of science, and helped scientists to think and develop various possible and experimental theories of the "missing link". Therefore, I think it is not necessary to take away "human" facts because science has progressed on many experiments and mistakes, and these mistakes and errors are also one of result to lead scientists to the certain facts at the end anyway. 
   
5. A lesson I think I can take from this historical event regarding taking information from unverified source is that you cannot depend on only one source to determine the facts. You must collect information as much as you can. You have to carefully look at all information form various perspective. 
2 or 3 years ago, there was a news about archeologist developed artificial fossil in Japan. I think Dawson's case is similar to this Japanese Archeologist's case because I assume that they both might be under pressure by people hoping great findings and progresses. Dawson's attempt shouldn't be accepted, but somehow it is understandable.    


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*1http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/the-scientific-process/piltdown-man-hoax/piltdown-discoveries/index.html
*2http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/the-scientific-process/piltdown-man-hoax/index.html
*3http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/the-scientific-process/piltdown-man-hoax/piltdown-hoax-revealed/index.html

Wednesday, May 1, 2013

Comparative Primate Blog


My comparison of each categories of primates is body size and sexual dimorphism.

1. Lemurs


a. Lemurs are only found on the African island of Madagascar and some neighbor islands because of the geographic isolation. *1

b. Their body size is about 17.75 in (45cm) and the tail is about 21.75 in (55cm). Their wight could be 5 -7 lbs (2.3 to 3.4 kg)*1, the body size of them is about same as a domestic cat.  Lemurs exhibit sexual dimorphism in their body size, male is slightly bigger than female, and coloring between male and female.*2 The biggest physical difference of Lemur from other primates is that they do not have prehensile tails. *3

c. All lemurs are arboreal, however, few species of Lemur spend most of live on the ground (e.g. Ring-Tailed Lemurs.) *4 Unlike other primates, Lemurs cannot use their tail to hang on the trees or grab fruit. Therefore, Lemurs run and jump among trees to transport. Lemurs have experienced evolutionary change to adapt an extremely seasonal environment of Madagascar. One of their change is low metabolism to service the dry season in Madagascar. *5




2. Spider Monkey



a. Spider monkeys live in tropical climates, specifically the rein forests of Central and South America. They can also be found in Mexico. *6

b. Their height (adult) would be about 14 - 25 in (35 - 66cm), weight would be about 13.25 lb (6kg). There is no sexual dimorphism between male and female spider monkeys.*6

c. Spider monkey lives in the upper canopy alters of rainforest, and they almost never coming down to the ground. Their long limbs and tail are example of captions to the living of rainforest. Their tail is working as their extra fifth limb.Their body structure is highly designed to live and travel among trees. *8



3. Baboon


a. Baboons live in Africa or Arabia. They prefer living in savanna and other semi-arid habitats. Few live in tropical forests. *9

b. Their head and body size could be 20 to 34 in (60 to 86 cm), their tail could be 16 to 23 in (41cm to 58cm). Wight could be between 33 and 82 lb (22 to 37kg.) *9 Baboons exhibit sexual dimorphism usually in size, sometimes it appears in color or canine development. *10 

c. Baboons' tail are not prehensile as like Lemurs, they spend most of time on the ground. Their main predators are men and leopard. Baboons appears evolutionary changes in their teeth and jaw to survive the life on the ground. Baboons have sharp strong canine and strong jaw ro protect and fight with their predator. *10 



4. Gibbon


a. Gibbons live in South Asia and Indonesia, up to the forest of the highlands of China. *11

b. Their body size could be 17 to 25 in (44 to 64 cm). Wight could be between 9 and 29 lb (4 to 13kg.) *12 Gibbons does not exhibit sexual dimorphism. *13

c. Their habitat on trees, rarely on the ground. They spend majority of time in the tree canopy. Their tail has been evolved to adjust the life on the tree, Gibbons can swing great distance between branches in the forest canopy with the tail (brachiation). *11 Gibbons have very long arms comparing to other primates. Gibbons' arm length is disproportionately long in comparison to their body. This is an adaption to their life on the tree, an the transportation. *11


5. Chimpanzee


a. Chimpanzees live in African rain forests, woodlands, and grasslands. *14

b. Their body size could be 4 to 5.5 ft (1.2 to 1.7 m). Wight could be between 70 and 130 lb (32 to 60kg.) *14 Chimpanzees slightly exhibit sexual dimorphism. *15

c. Chimpanzees adaptions to their environment is their hands and feet. Their hands have 5 fingers and feet have 5 toes. This enable them to grasp and hold objects. their adaption is to protect their family from predators and catch pees. For example, grasping tree branches to transport, and throwing rock to attack pray. Chimpanzees perform actions with both hands and feet unlike humans. *16


Summarize
I noticed that all primates have a social structure. they all live in a group and it is highly structured and ruled. The purpose of living in a group is mainly protection, adult protects young. It sometimes works as a prevention of being attacked by predators, too. Primates uses vocalization to communicate each other, and it is especially used as a caution for predators. Humans does not have predators, however, our social structure is still similar to these primates. Living in a community and verbal communication is same as primates.
This 4 of primates but baboon live similar habitat, most of them live on the tree canopy. However, the evolutionary change in their body is slightly different. some of them have long tail to hang themselves on branches, other has long arm to transport between branches but no tail. they all have predator on the ground and their body structure is an adaption to escape form the predators. though, I couldn't find why they evolved differently even though the change is aimed to escape from the same problem and live in the same habitat.



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Lemur Image: http://cheesiemack.com/cool-duel/lemurs/
*1 http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/ring-tailed-lemur/
*2 http://science.jrank.org/pages/3903/Lemurs-True-lemurs.html
*3 http://www.lemurs.us/basics.html
*4 http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Lemuridae/
*5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur

Spider monkey Image: http://www.costaricajourneys.com/spider-monkey/
*6 http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/spider-monkey/
*7 http://www.academia.edu/392092/Morphology_and_evolution_of_the_Spider_Monkey_Genus._Ateles
*8 http://www.buzzle.com/articles/rainforest-animal-adaptations.html

Baboon Image: http://www.endlessloopphotography.com/2011/01/lolomarik-farm-kenya-part-2.html
*9 http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/baboon/
*10 http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/baboon.htm

Gibbon Image: http://thelife-animal.blogspot.com/2011/12/gibbon.html
*11 http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=4522
*12 http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/gibbon/?source=A-to-Z
*13 http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/photos/11-animals-that-mate-for-life/gibbons

Chimpanzee Image: http://www.northrup.org/photos/chimp/2/
*14 http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/chimpanzee/?source=A-to-Z
*15 http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/chimpanzee
*16 http://thechimpanzeepage.wikispaces.com/Modern+Day+Animal+-+Chimpanzee